In Turkey, where mayors in Istanbul and Ankara affiliated with the opposition party have won praise among their constituents for their responses to the pandemic, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has actively tried to undermine them whenever possibleannouncing weekend curfews on short notice to leave the opposition mayors flat-footed, canceling charity fundraisers that the mayors organized, and shutting down opposition-run food kitchenseven at the cost of weakening the countrys broader response to the pandemic. We demand vengeance!. In the Reichstag (parliament) elections of May 2, 1928, the Nazis received only 2.6 percent of the national vote, a proportionate decline from 1924, when the Nazis received 3 percent . New ideas introduced in politics. Emergence of authoritarian states. Adolf Hitler had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Partyknown as Nazissince 1921. Resistance was muted (unnoticed) at first, but grew rapidly as Japanese forces attacked the Chinese capital of Nanjing. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. For example, all of them embraced nationalism, and they all found ways to justify violence against civilians. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the -Must give jobs to men Emergence of authoritarian states. But it is likely to contribute to the significant authoritarian shakiness that has made itself felt over the past decade. The Fascists soon followed up with assaults throughout the region. Using these definitions, evaluate which of these terms can appropriately be applied to this government. Battle for Land: Success (decreased unemployment because people had to drain swamps and plough land) For the first time, women were working outside the home in large numbers, and the new constitution gave women the right to vote. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. Washington, DC 20036-2103. World history topic 10: Authoritarian states (20th century) This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Mistake #2: Using The Terms Interchangeably. Could a Long-Ruling Party Fall in Paraguay? It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. Analyse the conditions that enabledoneleft-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. In a country plagued by joblessness, embittered by loss of territory, and demoralized by ineffective government, political demonstrations frequently turned violent. Japan still had a problem of too few natural resources, and they needed minerals, timber, and oil from abroad. In 1938 Mussolini published a "Manifesto of Fascist Racism." A rising authoritarian wave. We can see how Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and others began to attack journalists, control the flow of information, and stir up nationalism by persecuting ethnic minorities or invading desirable lands. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda . Step-by-step, Ethiopia became a state governed by a regime without moral or political constraints. What impact did this have? . (Nov 09), Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? They regulated marriage and sexual intercourse between the two groups, and stripped citizenship from both Jews and Roma. Its important that when it comes to China, the EU speaks with one voice If we dont do that, theyll have us for lunch, they said. Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government characterized by a strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. 87-88 - What internal threats existed to Castro and how were they dealt with? - Had to go to war way quicker than was prepared to due to Hitler's orders--> many peasants were conscripted to army UNHAPPY ITALIANS To do so, three practices are studied . The Hitler Youth in Germany, for example, had much in common with Mussolini's youth associations. Beijing says it respects status of countries such as Ukraine after ambassadors comments spark row. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. How the state emerged and how power was established - economic, social and political factors; use of propaganda, force,. the authoritarian state with such a memorable moniker. Germanys territory was reduced by 13%. 100. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. The post illustrates what we call organic online politics, or forms of digital mobilization that grow from specific rural conditions, material concerns, and repertoires of resistance.In advancing this concept, we argue that online politics are shaped not only by authoritarian repression and national political trajectories, but also by rural communities and their histories. Nationalism, independence movements It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. Today, authoritarian regimes comprise only one-fifth of all states in the world (Marshall & Cole 2011, p. 10). Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) Numerous nondemocracies, from Russia and Iran to Venezuela and Togo, have been rocked by significant protests. Vietnams leaders, for example, responded to the countrys first confirmed infections as early as January, imposing travel restrictions and quarantines with a speed that made it a textbook case of an effective response to the public health emergency. German authorities sent thousands, including leftist members of Parliament, to newly established concentration camps. Evaluate the treatment of religious groups and minorities in two authoritarian states, each chosen from a different region. By censuring Li instead of acting on his alerts, local authorities may have facilitated the coronaviruss unchecked spread; consequently, Lis death from the virus in early February sparked an outpouring of anger and grief on Chinese social media. Compare and contrast the conditions that led to the rise to power of two authoritarian/single-party leaders. The French president caused anger and alarm when he said Europe needed to avoid getting drawn into a US-China conflict over crises that are not ours, namely the status of Taiwan. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. A totalitarian regime has a highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian leaders. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. We have won power in Germany. - Discuss this view, with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied from different regions. One-party rule seemed beyond their grasp. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Ideology, Role of Leaders, Use of Force, Persuasion, Propaganda, RAS- local fascist leaders in charge of action squads, -M deployed squadristi (paramilitary of the PNF led by ras) to, -M renounced atheism to appeal to Catholic Church, -Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND): recreational club for adults. He served only a short jail sentence, and after the ban was lifted on his National Socialist Party, Hitler and his followers rejoined the battle in the streets and in the countryside. How successful was it? - DAMAGEdamages relationship with France and Britain (goal: increase acceptance of fascist ideology {many ignored indoctrination aspects}), 3.) Sexual norms were in flux. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system; Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force . Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. Paper 2 questions- Origins and development of Authoritarian and single-party states Emergence of Authoritarian States: - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors, social division, impact of war, weakness of political system. Josef Stalin ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. 99-100 - What was the 'Special Period' and why did it result from this? To what extent did the structure and organization of government in Germany between 1933 and 1939 contribute to Hitlers maintenance of power? (Nov 2009), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power ofoneruler of a single-party state. His position and apparent support for Chinas efforts to play peacemaker in the Russian invasion of Ukraine contrasts with a more hawkish approach from the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen. Thus, despite the spike in repressive measures that the coronavirus has produced so far, the medium- to long-term prospects for many authoritarian governments are less certain today than they were before the pandemic hit. In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. Mussolini came to power eleven years before Hitler did, and Italian Fascists were active as early as 1919. Examine the impact of the foreign policy of two authoritarian states on the maintenance of power in those states. 85-86 - What challenges did he face in 1959 and how did he overcome them in the years that followed? In 1932, ninety-nine people were killed in the streets in one month. 2. Russia has lost its soft power: how war in Ukraine destabilises old Soviet allies, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. They believed Japan had a superior culture, and could rule other Asians better than the European empires had. In Iran, in late February as the coronavirus began spreading through the country, Shia clerics vociferously resisted government demands that major shrines be closedan encapsulation of the power of the countrys religious establishment. 83 - How did Castro's policies on elections + INRA reflect this shift? The Fascists, led by Mussolini, formed a street-fighting group called the Blackshirts to support the landowners. Why do you think Mussolini was less successful than Hitler in this respect? Public domain. The Italian foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, said he also disagreed with Lus comments. Paper Two essays will expect students to analyse one or two authoritarian states on a topic inked to one of the themes on the prescribed content. How consistent was this vision to Cuba in reality? No party was able to win a clear majority, and without political consensus, successive governments could not effectively govern the nation. By the early twentieth century, events in one place could have widespread political, economic, and cultural consequences. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post mussolini created a dicta, Posted a month ago. Analyze the conditions that enabled one left-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. Due to the forced signing of the treaty, there . These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. -unmarried men 35+ were taxed more Even Russian President Vladimir Putin, the prototypical authoritarian strongman, displayed striking avoidance behavioror perhaps apathyby moving to his countryside residence outside Moscow after the virus arrived in Russia, leaving his subordinates to convey negative news to the public. To what extent did economic factors contribute to the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from a di erent region? mussolini created a dictarship in italy when he was given the position as prime minister, Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. Cameroons President Paul Biya vanished in March for over two months, while in Nicaragua, President Daniel Ortega has ducked from public view for extended periods twice, including once for more than a month. What similarities do you see between Italys racist ideology in Ethiopia and the ideologies behind European imperialism during the long nineteenth century? There are still "meaningful democratic institutions" (Levitsky and Way 2010a, 20) within these erstwhile authoritarian regimes.8 What Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Thomas Carothers is senior vice president for studies and the Harvey V. Fineberg Chair for Democracy Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. -Frequent changes of chancellor. Tsahkna added: I hope that there will be an explanation. How successful was Castro's domestic policy in meeting his aims for Cuba? economic factors'. Paper 2 Section Description Authoritarian States Course Companion Book This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. 94-5 - What economic problems did Cuba face? (2) How did Fidel Castro consolidate and maintain his power? Before you read the article, you should skim it first. Photo of Mussolini and Hitler standing next to each other, each dressed in their military uniforms. Lithuanias foreign minister, Gabrielius Landsbergis, said the diplomats would be asked to explain if Chinas position has changed and reminded were not post-Soviet countries but countries that were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union. The NSDAP, after becoming reallowed as a political party in 1925, changed their focus and used the democratic system of the Weimar Republic to gain power. To many, including 30-year old former army corporal Adolf Hitler, it seemed the country had been stabbed in the backbetrayed by subversives at home and by the government who accepted the armistice. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Six people died. 83 - How did Castro deal with Lanz + Urrutria, and how did this reflect on him as leader? Additionally, the study shows how the continued use of practices from authoritarian times revealed the weakness of the democratic transition in Myanmar. David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. He had plans to expand into the Balkans and acquire Albania as a territory. How were the Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s similar? The humiliation of Germanys defeat and the peace settlement that followed in 1919 would play an important role in the rise of Nazism and the coming of a second world war just 20 years later. [2017] He used the jail time to dictate his political ideas in a book,Mein KampfMy Struggle. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Compare and contrastthe importance ofthe use of force on the emergence of twoauthstates,each from a different region, Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two AS, each from a different region. China respects the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all countries and upholds the purposes and principles of the United Nations charter, she said, describing the countrys stance on Ukraine as objective and fair. This is a list of key notes that you can use in paper 2 as the most important factors that need to be studied as recommended by the History guide. Create a potted biography of an authoritarian state identified in the article. How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. Namely, that certain groups, especially Jews, could not assimilate and would have to be removed entirely so the nation could thrive. Thus unlike minorities in Italy, Ethiopians were viewed by most Fascists as barbaric "others" who could never become Italian. The German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned this year that there is a "worldwide fascination with authoritarianism".. Summarise Castro's rise to power in terms of: - conditions faced; mistakes + weaknesses of others, Compare and contrast the role of propaganda in the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from different regions. One example is the Holocaust during the Second World War. Lu Shaye, Chinas ambassador to France, said independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union lacked actual status in international law. Yet many other authoritarian or authoritarian-leaning leaders have shown startling weakness in facing the pandemic, falling back on deeply ingrained habits of lying to deny inconvenient facts, spin conspiracy theories, and create alternative realities. HITLER [speaking German]: (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. It got a bad name': the death of the post-Soviet dream, Russia-Ukraine war as it happened: explosion derails Russian train; at least 34 injured after Pavlohrad attack, Myhunting trip with Yeltsin killed off the Soviet Union, UKexpected to stop funding Chinese state-linked Mandarin teaching schools, Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 432 of the invasion, TheSoviet Union collapsed overnight. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. (Nov 2006. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. 1. Photo of the fascist military forces known as the Blackshirts marching down an Italian street in Parma. The projection of national power overseas resonated with many Italians. 'Elsewhere these groups [like the Nazis] could have been ignored and allowed to die out. Russia/USSR - Lenin ItalyMussolini GermanyHitler USSRStalin ChinaMao Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. These youth groups fostered a cult of violent masculinity, expected girls to aspire only to traditional maternal roles, and promoted the authoritarian belief of blind loyalty to the nation. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. This report sets out six types of authoritarian challenges: military threats, such as annexation of territory, hybrid warfare and assertive behaviour; coercion, through political and economic efforts to intimidate and cajole; This policy extended not only to sexual relations and marriage, but to any kind of social relationship at all. The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Check your email for details on your request. Under the pressure of unending carnage, governments toppled and great empires dissolved. Authoritarian leaders revel in projecting an image of strength. - DEPENDANT GERMANY Italy became increasingly more dependant on Nazi Germany --> Germany supported when League of Nations tried to oppose their aggression The Chinese embassy in Paris issued a formal statement saying Lus comments were not a policy declaration but the expression of personal viewpoints during a television interview. 97. 1. These tactics worked at a time when communists felt threatened by both fascists and capitalist democracies in Europe. In Eritrea, President Isaias Afwerki did not speak to the country from mid-February through mid-April. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. Photo of young Italian boys wearing Ballilla uniforms. . After local resistance was crushed, Mussolini's regime established a tight grip over the region. (Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis). The Fascist party wanted to crush the existing 'liberal' rulers, but Mussolini allowed many officials to continue working for the state. Dont assume western democracy will last forever, Ukraine ammunition depot reportedly hit in wave of Russian missile attacks. Four key weaknesses are manifest. The use of force was the most important method used to maintain power in authoritarian states.. Although Chinese citizens mobilized to respond to the pandemic by using social media to procure scarce protective gear or find open hospital beds, the Chinese Communist Partys long-standing distrust of civil society has hindered potential collaboration between government officials and volunteers. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. 4.5/5. 100-01 - What economic policies did the Government introduce to deal with the issues that Cuba faced? The Fascists argued that in invading Libya, they were creating a new Roman Empire, thus playing to Italian nationalism. President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions. He was offered a deal just as the Nazis started to lose votes. . Some in this boat have reacted by prematurely lifting initially tough lockdown measures. In lieu of claiming that the coronavirus was invisible and therefore not present, quite a few authoritarian leaders have made themselves invisible instead.
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