endobj The earthquake magnitude you hear just after the phenomenon has occurred may differ from the final, official values provided later (up to 0.5). Objects thrown up into air. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for xX\vEV^-dwO2V\0~lY0YjcP_GZs)Ehm^$YE_I WxuqU]`hN!pm\>(T[}`2_dSVt!D:,^NN`u! II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. WebDownload scientific diagram | Simulated values of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and PGV. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale CREDIT: Northern Illinois University Earthquake magnitude measures the strength of an earthquake, or the amount of energy that is released. Large rock masses displaced. Does the booklet make sense? Le Dain, A.Y., Tapponnier, P. and Molnar, P. (1984) Active faulting and tectonics of Burma and surrounding regions. Okamoto, S. (1973) Introduction to earthquake engineering. Thus, in this study, the PGA values used for calibration with the MMI are inferred using the groundmotion attenuation characteristic of Boore et al. The class could even draw one level of the scale at a time together. The released energy is 31622776601684 J, and the equivalent of such energy is: 0.0000028 of the most massive earthquake recorded, Chile '60 . Are there any suggestions for improvement? 4. In Hansen, R. J. Japan, however, is the country where we detect the most earthquakes (because of its dense seismic grid). Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. Underground pipelines completely out of service. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. Memphis, TN: "Damage to the city is severe. Hanging objects quivering. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related ]sgJ;oYQqmt|Wg4n^~9s Waves seen on ground. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the to the size of seismic waves produced during a quake. creative classroom activity to illustrate earthquake intensity can Ground cracked noticeably. Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. =\YUgeFY#r\Qsa7`og:_:U7h|3o bR9c[O?qCvm(3yoQ^JJ[6t^C5b&jk$ox*o u&l[j}psjs.vBt/T@U_t/GONY|LP +:i.&TpN;0gM[URRY" Difficult to stand. This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. Evansville, IN: "The smokestack of the Sterling Brewery collapsed in downtown Evansville. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Intensity. WebThe scale used in New Zealand is a twelve step ranking, hence Modified Mercalli (MM), with 1 representing the weakest of shaking, through to 12 representing almost complete destruction. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Numerous intensity scales have been developed over the last several hundred years. WebThe above table shows the approximate relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). Total damage. ", 21. Relationship between the PGA (cm/s2) and the MMI scale. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 13-18 January 1969. Many old wooden buildings have collapsed into the street, and virtually all of the brick buildings are destroyed. Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 241-251. Teachers Association. U.S. Department of Commerce, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department PS: We do not share personal information or emails with anyone. "', 7. Thus, for the reduction of earthquake hazards in Myanmar, earthquake hazard situations should be realized and the standard building code should be modified accordingly to withstand such ground movement. Indiana University, 1. Focusing to the other region, many empirical equations have been proposed to relate the MMI with PGA (Figure 3). The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. Frame houses moved on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out. Review the purpose of the Mercalli Scale with the students, as described in the Introduction/Motivation section. While shaking is caused If engineers can develop better technology for predicting the size and force of earthquakes, then cities and communities can work to keep themselves from harm. As such, the main goals of the study are: 1) to gather the macroseismic intensity data that has been previously reported for the Myanmar region and adjacent areas; and 2) to correlate this and contribute the relationship between the felt intensity information and the engineering ground-motion parameter as the PGA. Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively). The magnitude (size) of an earthquake is based on Then, on 3rd - 4th December 1930, two earthquakes of approximately the same magnitude (~Mw 7.3) in Pyu and Yangon, respectively, were reported [8]. With the use of an intensity scale, it is possible to summarize such data for an earthquake by constructing isoseismal curves, which are lines that connect points of equal intensity. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). Since that time, the divisions in these scales have been associated with measurable accelerations of the local ground shaking. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. Total damage. 2 0 obj Suggest a house or building that has been damaged by an earthquake or a picture of the Earth shaking. WebThe one important intensity scale that does not have twelve degrees (now that the Rossi-Forel Scale is no longer much in use) is the seven-degree Japanese Meteorological Agency Scale (EMS-98), the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM or MMI) and the JMA scale, although the latter is not widely used in practice any longer to assign intensities. Hold on to your shelter with one hand until the shaking stops. 5), Develop and communicate an evidence based scientific explanation around one or more factors that change Earth's surface Return to: Potential to Kinetic | Dynamic to as its intensity. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. It was originally introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, and was Trees shake. Indicate the intensity values on the map. And that's it! Other intensity scales are used in some countries. Log in or create an account to manage your custom schedule. WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". A significant earthquake is classified as one that meets called the Moment Magnitude Scale, which measures the Thanks for your feedback! Gebrder Borntr- ger, Berlin. Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. Thanks to this earthquake calculator, you can: Check the approximate energy release of an earthquake in energy release equivalents (such as tons of TNT, atomic bomb energies, and volcanic eruptions). WebA new 3-D earthquake simulator with a vibrating platform approximately 7 by 4 meters, has recently been. Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. Khin, A. and Win, K. (1968) Preliminary studies of the paleogeography of Burma during the Cenozoic. Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and. Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. 0338326. In this study, it is attempted to develop the relationship between macroseismic intensity, in terms of the MMI scale, and the engineering ground-motion parameter, in terms of the PGA. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. Serious damage to reservoirs. (Grade <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 15 0 R 16 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> If the earthquake was associated with a tsunami or volcanic eruption, it is flagged Magnitude scales, like the moment magnitude, measure the size of the earthquake at its source. The MSK scale is the most recent, has 12 values that approximate but are not the same the Modified Mercalli values, and is used extensively in Europe.Intensity values can be correlated with other measures of ground motion, such as displacement, velocity and acceleration. Twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, elevated tanks. It is influenced by the amount of kinetic energy released, the 2015-04-22T00:00:00 -NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Branches broken from trees, General panic. This implies that the standard of building construction in Myanmar, in terms of withstanding earthquake hazards, is not high enough such that low ground motions contribute to a high degree of structure damage, particularly at higher levels of ground shaking. To this end, based on the published probabilistic seismic hazard map of the Yangon area, central Myanmar ([13], the maps were evaluated by using the strong ground-motion attenuation relationship of Boore et al. *The NGSS logo is a registered trademark of WestEd. The JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) scale from 1 to 7 is used in Japan and Taiwan. The Modified Mercalli Scale measures the amount of shaking at a particular location. An important piece of information to keep in mind is that the magnitude scale is logarithmic. In other words, it is comparing amplitudes of waves on a seismogram, not the strength, or energy, of the quakes, according to USGS. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. Pailoplee, S., Sugiyama, Y. and Charusiri, P. (2009) Deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in Thailand and adjacent areas using active fault data. The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. AAA Area of the fault rupture (cm2), which is the estimated area over which the earthquake has occurred. Free K-12 standards-aligned STEM curriculum for educators everywhere. 5), 3 sheets (cut lengthwise) of white copy paper, 1 sheet (cut lengthwise) of any color construction paper, Variety of crayons, colored pencils, and markers. Do you agree with this alignment? [14], as shown in Equation (1). 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. The Seismology Research Centre is a division of, Rarely felt, usually only on top floors of high buildings, Windows, dishes, doors rattle. Trifunac, M.D. Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). 36 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular Science Quizzes. It may be helpful to put the scale up on the board and read it aloud with the students. With this earthquake calculator, you can estimate the energy release of an earthquake. ), check out this current USGS earthquakes map. We can use scales, rubrics, points, letter and numbers to show the level of something. Both of these were generated by the Ranong [9] and Mae Tha [11] Fault Zones, which represent the MMI characteristics in the southern and eastern part of Myanmar, respectively. Bridges destroyed. General panic. In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; As the same time, on the 4th December 1930, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.3 was also recorded at Toungoo, central Myanmar, with ground shaking intensities in the range of VIIIX. Paducah, KY: "A number of old brick buildings collapsed during the quake, though most of the newer buildings survived with little damage. Even sports teams have different levels to make sure that teams with the same ability play each other. or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. Motions up to an intensity VIII+ in the MM Scale can be. Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. from 2150 BC to the present. An earthquake has a single magnitude, but intensity varies with distance. Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Thus, the Mercalli scale describes how the earthquake affected a given location, and a range of Mercalli intensity values are assigned for the same earthquake, assuming it affected not just one area. Because the entire range of observed effects is not capable of simple quantitative definition, the strength of the shaking is commonly estimated by reference to intensity scales that describe the effects in qualitative terms. shaking. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale Instrumental: detected only by instruments Very feeble: noticed only by people at rest Slight: felt by people at rest Like passing of a truck Vil Vill x WebA 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. endobj From a scientific standpoint, the magnitude scale is based on seismic records while the Mercalli is based on observable data which can be subjective. A good website to visit is: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html. in Los Angeles. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Richter Scale uses instruments to measure how much force an earthquake produces, or the size of its waves. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Education or National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government. Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? Circle skirt calculator makes sewing circle skirts a breeze. Chicago, IL: "Many residents of the Windy City reported a strong tremor last night; some sleepers were awakened by what they described as 'a loud, crashing sound. Earthquakes aren't the only phenomena whose magnitudes are expressed using a logarithmic scale this is also the case for cyclones. (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I, peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity ( g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. Objects thrown up into the air. The one currently used in Small objects are displaced or upset. To calculate the amount of released energy from an earthquake, we've implemented Gutenberg and Richter's equation in this earthquake calculator: The most powerful earthquake ever recorded happened in Chile in 1960. IX. <>>> Poplar Bluff, MO: "Even commuters driving to work felt the severe quake", 24. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. In an effort to gather more information about the earthquake, you have compiled newspaper accounts of the events from many sources. The descriptions below are a simplified version of the New Zealand Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. Using one arm, cover your head and neck. Underground pipes broken. A fun and Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. where Y is the PGA which is in g unit (1 g = 981 cm/s2), M is the moment magnitude (Mw), R is the source-to-site distance (km), for randomly-oriented horizontal component (or geometrical mean) b1 = 0.105, b2 = 0.229, b3 = 0, b4 = 0, b5 = 0.778, b6 = 0.162, b7 = 0.251, GB = 1, and GC = 0. at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately Make sure you understandEarthquake! A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Global Significant Earthquake Database. Thelowernumbers of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. Indiana University How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. (Write the words on the board for them to copy.) 3 - Dishes, windows, doors disturbed. WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Use it as the earthquakes' magnitude calculator to compare two earthquakes' magnitudes. Damage nearly total. ", 15. Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. ", 12. Felt by nearly everyone. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. A number of different intensity scales have been set up during the past century and applied to both current and ancient destructive earthquakes. An earthquake has one magnitude. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 11, 387-402. For the Mandalay earthquake, the work of Brown [6] revealed an MMI in the range of III-IX spreading out more than 900 km from the epicenter to central Thailand (Figure 1). 438483. Decayed pilings broken off. Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! Furniture moves or overturns. Based on careful review, there are 10 isoseismal maps of earthquakes within the magnitude range of a 4.6 - 8.0 Richter scale that have been reported over the past 94 year period (1912-2006 AD) (Figure 1 and Table 1). Difficult to stand. The database provides information Steering of automobiles affected. and Worden, C.B. Understand why engineers develop rating scales for earthquakes. Bender, F. (1983) Geology of Burma. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface.