Bull. Goldie reconsiders Moneys work and influence, paying specific attention to his work on intersex, transsexuality, homosexuality, pornography, and sexual liberation. Sexual dimorphism and dissociation in the psychology of male transsexuals. John Money offered "gender" as a new conceptual realm of sex in the mid-1950s. The concept of Gender was invented in 1955 by a controversial sexologist John Money from New Zealand. Such attitudes and discussions have been at the forefront of public discourse recently, with the landmark ruling late last month by the UnitedStates Supreme Court declaring same-sex marriage legal in all 50 states and the high-profile debut of Caitlyn formerly Bruce Jenner on the cover of Vanity Fair. Following that difficulty. With those Reimer met Milton Diamond, a psychologist at the University of [20], Money died 7 July 2006, one day before his 85th birthday, in Towson, Maryland,[21] of complications from Parkinson's disease.[22]. In Baltimore, he lived within walking distance of the Johns Hopkins medical campus for more than 40 years. Background As originally defined, gender role consists of both introspective and the extraspective manifestations of the concept. He also worked with people who were born with normal sex organs but did not identify with the gender they had been raised to be. The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money. He initially did so as part of a framework for understand-ing the phenomenon of human hermaphroditism. John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies, "Trans Formations in the Vatican's War on 'Gender Ideology', Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, "John Money's "Chronophilia": Untimely Sex between Philias and Phylisms", Review of John Colapinto's book on John Money and David Reimer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Money&oldid=1152383880, People involved in scientific misconduct incidents, Academic staff of the University of Otago, People educated at Hutt Valley High School, All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English, Articles needing additional references from March 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, hormonal and secondary sex characteristics. David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case. John Money 19212006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity, David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case, John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies, https://kinseyinstitute.org/collections/archival/john-money.php, ordering surgical sex reassignment on 22-month-old infantDavid Reimer (1967), posing the Reimer twins in simulated sex acts and photographing it, falsifying and covering up the outcome of the case, contributing to the adult suicides of both brothers (Brian in 2002, David in 2004), gender identity (orginally proposed by Robert Stoller in 1964), paraphilia (Krauss 1903; Robinson 1913; Stekel 1930), hormonal and secondary sex characteristics, gender role and orientation as male or female, established while growing up, devious, demanding and manipulative and incapable of love (1970). Money co-edited a 1969 book Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment, which helped bring more acceptance to sexual reassignment surgery and transsexual individuals. student in Moneys lab indicated that Reimers parents dishonestly In 1955, John Money, a researcher who studied psychology, gender, and sex differences throughout the twentieth century, was one of the first people to use the word gender to mean something separate from biological sex outside of the context of grammar. Specifically, the editors focus on the changing relationships between local political practices and identities and emerging forms of global economy, culture and polity. Long-term review and clinical implications", "NZ psychologist silent on former patient", "Sex, gender, and identity over the years: a changing perspective", "Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal Boys", The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, "Effeminacy in prepubertal boys. At the [40], David Reimer's case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to Milton Diamond, an academic sexologist, who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly. Moneys theories also challenged taboos of 1950s-era sexuality, establishing the notion of gender roles and gender identity -- terms that helped shape modern gender studies. The True Story of John/Joan. Gender identity describes how individuals internalize their senses of their own sex (Warnke 90). Reimer's storywas recounted in journalist John Colapinto's 2000 book As Nature Made Him: TheBoy Who Was Raised As a Girl. His twin brother was also part of Moneys The two names are not gender-coded as male and female as they are in the two names of the tranvsvestophile, nor are the two personalities and the two wardrobes. Money, J. As an ardent advocate for sexual liberation, he became something of a fixture in the popular imagination. His penis was damaged during circumcision and this animal of a doctor convinced his parents to allow doctors to perform a sex~~~~~ hf3f8e3a 992bba08-8399-4bde-ab97 . Moneys niece, Sally Hopkins, said Sunday her uncle died of complications from Parkinsons disease. statements about the trauma of his transition, brought attention to There must be a very widespread prevalence of lesser degrees of the exorcist syndrome in the population at large. [58] [59] Money's hypothesis has since been discredited, [59] [60] but scholars have continued to study the effect of social factors on gender identity formation. How are the tech wizards behind companies like Uber and Airbnb changing who makes the rules and how? John Money 19212006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity. Retrieved27 September2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/12/us/david-reimer-38-subject-of-the-john-joan-case.html, Carey, Benedict (11 July 2006). In general usage, the introspective manifestations soon became separately known as gender identity. In John Money (19212006) was a New Zealand psychologist and sex researcher known for many ethical controversies: the Reimer twins scandal (the John/Joan case), exploiting people with differences of sex development. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552186, John Money and John G. Brennan, Heterosexual vs. homosexual attitudes: male partners perception of the feminine image of male transsexuals, The Journal of Sex Research, 6, 3 (1970): 193209, 201, 202. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497009550666, John Money,John L. Hampson,Joan G. Hampson. New Zealand-American sexologist John Money, a researcher whose work in the 1950s and '60s was considered both brilliant and controversial, in many ways helped shape current attitudes around gender and sexuality. Retrieved27 September2014. When the youngest child leaves home, there may be a degree of freedom hitherto unavailable. Terry Goldie seeks to cut through Moneys talent for controversy and self-promotion by digging into the substance of Moneys theories and achievements. "[37], Money's rationale for his treatment of the children was his belief that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play'" "at thrusting movements and copulation" was important for a "healthy adult gender identity". The bisexualism of a parent is not transmitted to the offspring, and is not contagious. Money introduced numerous definitions related to gender in journal articles in the 1950s, many of them as a result of his studies of intersex morphology. Are Canadians more prepared to embrace the idea than our politicians realize? Pffflin, F. (1985). These are the people who, when young adulthood advances into midlife, begin the homosexual stage of sequential bisexuality. But few people know the concept's disturbing origins. brothers inspect one anothers pubic areas. Money, J. This grew out of his studies of intersex people. The controversial scholar, who coined the term gender role, died Friday at St. Joseph Medical Center in Baltimore of complications from Parkinsons disease. In his Rolling Stone interview, Reimer recalled that at John Money, a New Zealand psychologist with master's degrees in Psychology and Education from the University of Wellington, emigrated to the United States in 1947, studied psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh and in 1952 received his doctorate from Harvard. magazine. Reimer was 15 when he learned his true identity and rejected further treatment as a girl. Long-term review and clinical implications. Hermaphroditism: Psychology & Case Management April 1, 1960https://doi.org/10.1177/070674376000500214. brother underwent Moneys treatments at preschool and grade school Below is a very interesting passage from pages 108-110 of John MoneysGay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Exotic Orientation. [1][2], Money was a professor of paediatrics and medical psychology at Johns Hopkins University from 1951 until his death. Diamond, M; Sigmundson, HK (1997). Principal offices are located in Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC and Melbourne. He conducted research for about 50 years at Johns Hopkins University, where he was a professor of medical psychology. [9] He attended Hutt Valley High School[10] and initially studied psychology at Victoria University of Wellington,[11] graduating with a double master's degree in psychology and education in 1944. The hospital began performing sexual reassignment surgery in 1966, and was the first clinic in the United States to do so. Money's work broke new ground and gave currency to medical ideas about human sexuality. Goldie, a professor of English at York University in Toronto, is the author of the biography TheMan Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money. A peer-reviewed journal, Alternatives explores the possibilities of new forms of political practice and identity under increasingly global conditions. They would tolerate them as they do the left-handed. became subjects of numerous books and documentaries following the control subject who shared Reimers genetic makeup, intrauterine According to NOVA, Money led scientists to identify as a girl and resented Moneys visits for treatment. According to Money, the genitalia and erotic sexual roles were now, by his definition, to be included under the more general term "gender role" including all the non-genital and non-erotic activities that are defined by the conventions of society to apply to males or to females. Some of the latter differences apply to life activities, such as career opportunities for men versus women. gender reassignment of David Reimer, who was born a biological male For Money, the concept of threshold has great value because of the wide spectrum to which it applies. took him to Money on the next annual visit. Sara Miller McCune founded SAGE Publishing in 1965 to support the dissemination of usable knowledge and educate a global community. I thought he was going to give me a whupping. In 1979, Hopkins announced that it no longer would perform the operations. Vandalized lovemaps: Paraphilic outcome of seven cases in pediatric sexology. Colapinto, John (11 December 1997). The ensuing societal abuse and deprivation, legal and social, may be extreme. interview appeared in the December 1997 issue of Rolling Stone [citation needed]. He popularised the term paraphilia (appearing in the DSM-III, which would later replace perversions) and introduced the term sexual orientation in place of sexual preference, arguing that attraction is not necessarily a matter of free choice. A $300-million (minimum) gondola to Dodger Stadium? Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. Physicians at the Johns Hopkins Hospital Money died Friday at St. Joseph Medical Center in Towson, said Vivienne Stearns-Elliott, a hospital spokeswoman. checkups from Money. A. of sex reassignment surgeries for cases of children with expos. Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2000. in his suicide at thirty-eight years old. Sex and gender have been partitioned between body and mind, respectively. However, to avoid offending a heterosexual child, a bisexual parent may be self-coerced into suppressing homosexual expression. An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Its most malignant expression is in those individuals in whom it takes the form of a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. either totally severed or otherwise damaged beyond the possibility Reimers brother, who suffered from depression and Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Supported by clandestine operations, blackmail, and threats of exposure, in espionage or in the secret police of government surveillance, he may achieve legendary power, such as that attributed to J. Edgar Hoover of mythical FBI fame. Money's work broke new ground, opening a new field of research in sexual science and giving currency to medical ideas about human sexuality. "[23], Money made the concept of gender a broader, more inclusive concept than one of masculine/feminine. Stoller, R. J. Born in 1965 as Bruce Reimer, his penis was irreparably damaged during infancy due to a failed circumcision. Man and woman, boy and girl: Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. 2013 Sage Publications, Inc. methods, honesty in data reporting, and the general ethics of sex Supported by USPH Grant #HD-00325 and Grant #83086900, The William T. Grant, Jr., Foundation. He divided components constituting an individual sexual identity as; internal and external organs, gender identity, genes, hormones, and gender roles (Warnke 89). Usually, According to John Colapinto's biography of David Reimer, starting when Reimer and his twin Brian were six years old, Money showed the brothers pornography and forced the two to rehearse sexual acts. receiving female hormones, wearing dresses, and having his interests On 2 May 2004, Reimers wife told him that she wanted a that Reimers girlish behavior stood in stark contrast to his He was 84. According to Money, the fact that one sex produces ova and the other sex produces sperm is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. As identical age of thirteen, Reimer threatened to commit suicide if his parents That represented a break from past thinking, in which gender identity was largely believed to be caused only by biological factors. If it were not so, otherwise-decent people would not persecute their homosexual fellow citizens nor tolerate their persecution. The term gender role is defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman, respectively. In 1955, John Money (1921-2006), professor of medical psychology and pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University, published a series of articles with his colleagues introducing a radical idea that a person's psychological sex was learned and did not necessarily arise from biological factors. Archives of Sexual Behavior JMoney, C Primrose Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1968 , Gynemimesis and gynemimetophilia: Individual and cross-cultural manifestations of a gender-coping strategy hitherto unnamed, JMoney, M Lamacz Comprehensive psychiatry, 1984. which Money justified as the rehearsal of healthy childhood sexual "[24], Author Janet Frame attended some of Money's classes at the University of Otago, as part of her teacher's training. "Money's position on the trans person was, I think, brilliant," Goldie says. He left Pittsburgh and earned his PhD from Harvard University in 1952. In his studies of intersex people, Money alleged that there are six variables that define sex. Money was involved in a highly publicized case of a boy who was raised as a girl after suffering a seared penis while being circumcised in 1966. Bruce Peter Reimer was born on 22 intersex or damaged genitals since the 1970s. reassignment. Money'sthinking, Goldie said, helped shape hisinfamousintervention in thecase of David Reimer, a Canadian man born biologically male but raised female afterhis penis was accidentally destroyed during a botched circumcision. Reimer was the first documented case of sex reassignment of biographers and the Intersex Society of North America, was used to estrogen during adolescence to promote the development of breasts. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The sabotage of others is carried out professionally by some individuals with the syndrome of malignant bisexualism. John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies By Benedict Carey July 11, 2006 John William Money, who helped found the field of sexual identity studies, died Friday in Towson,. Moneys treatment involved the forced reenactment of sexual married Jane Fontaine, a single mother of three, on 22 September Money reported on Reimers case as the committed suicide by firearm. The transition may take place autonomously, or it may be a sequel to the divorce or death of the spouse or to sexual apathy in the marriage. The homosexual personality has the absolving mission of officiating indulgences in the place of masochistic penances for homosexuality, but only for himself and nobody else. "Genderism," then, captured what John Money would much later call "gender": something, during a critical period, "established" through "impersonation" (Money, 1957, p. 151), a developmental coming to terms with one's sex-group membership, in explicit distinction from the fulfillment of the anatomical destiny culturally attributed to positions and motions with his brother. According to Reimer, his adult Moneys belief that gender could be assigned to a child before age 3 played out in a radical experiment that became devastating for him and the child on whom it was performed. The late expression of homosexuality in sequential bisexuality may be associated with recovery from illness and debilitation (e.g., recovery from alcoholism) that had masked the homosexual potential. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. research on sexual development and gender in children. [3] He spent a considerable amount of his career in the United States. July 9, 2006, 4:45 PM PDT / Source: The Associated Press. diagnosed with phimosis, a condition in which the foreskin of the He really developed that entire field of study, said Dr. Gregory K. Lehne, a Money protege and an assistant professor of medical psychology at Johns Hopkins. Ehrhardt, Anke A. or his brother resisted orders, in contrast to the calm and [12][13] He was a junior member of the psychology faculty at the University of Otago in Dunedin. Bullied by peers in doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204551/http://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/education/john-money/bio, Brewington, Kelly (9 July 2006). Perverse Psychology: The pathologization of sexual violence and transgenderism. If the individual were at the time in some type of treatment, the transition might be wrongly construed as a therapeutic triumph. The split applies not simply to heterosexuality and homosexuality, but to good and evil, licit and illicit, as well. Money introduced the terms gender role and sexual orientation and popularised the terms gender identity and paraphilia.[1][2]. His most memorable and criticized work was advocating sex-change operations for patients confused over their gender -- a position that was denounced by some colleagues who favored counseling instead of surgery. Box 500 Station A Toronto, ON Canada, M5W 1E6. However, it was later revealed that his most famous case of David Reimer, born Bruce Reimer, was fundamentally flawed. undergo circumcision and his phimosis healed naturally. He was one of the first researchers to publish theories on the influence of societal constructs of gender on individual formation of gender identity. 12 May 2004. He is the author or editor of several books, including Queersexlife: Autobiographical Notes on Sexuality, Gender, and Identity (2008). In the mid-1960s, psychologist John Money encouraged the Moneys work broke new ground, opening a new field of research in sexual science and giving currency to medical ideas about human sexuality. Read up on what this 'doctor' did to a baby boy. Reimers description John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies,The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html, John Money, Ph.D. Kinsey Institute https://kinseyinstitute.org/collections/archival/john-money.php. PMID13260820. RT @SandyForLiberty: The concept of Gender was invented in 1955 by a controversial sexologist John Money from New Zealand. (Annie Leibovitz/Vanity Fair) Despite continued challenges transgender people face, the language and discourse of gender and sexual identity are rapidly evolving, especially considering they were. Nowadays there is a hitherto nonexistent way of being suspected or exposed, namely by dying of AIDS. To understand masculine and feminine social and political history in the second half of the 20th century, one must first understand the lexical history of the term gender, which did not become an attribute of human beings until 1955 when John Money introduced the concept of gender role to refer to the masculine or feminine presentation of individuals whose genital organs, by reason of birth . The heterosexual personality has the pontificating mission of a sadistic grand inquisitor, bent on the exorcism of those possessed of homosexuality, himself included. Despite continued challenges transgender people face, the language and discourse of gender andsexual identity are rapidly evolving, especially considering they were largelyputon the mapby psychologist John Money in the 1950s and '60s. Diamond cataloged the failures of Reimers transition. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Hypothetically, it might, conversely, be associated with premature illness and deterioration from brain injury or disease, as in temporal lobe trauma and Alzheimers disease. Google Scholar Money, Gay, Straight and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic . (1972).Man and Woman, Boy and Girl: The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Money believed a persons gender identity was determined by an interaction between biological factors and upbringing. Reimer says, "He told me to take my clothes off, and I just did not do it. He chose to begin calling himself David, and he underwent surgical procedures to revert the female bodily modifications. John Money (1921-2006) was a New Zealand psychologist and sex researcher known for many ethical controversies: the Reimer twins scandal (the "John/Joan case") ordering surgical sex reassignment on 22-month-old infant David Reimer (1967) posing the Reimer twins in simulated sex acts and photographing it He was married but quickly divorced in the 1950s, and had no children. He committed suicide in 2004 at the age of 38 after failed investments drove him into poverty. [40], By the time this deception was discovered, the idea of a purely socially constructed gender identity and infant Intersex medical interventions had become the accepted medical and sociological standard. Goldie set out to write his biography to give Money his due and to try to understandMoney, in the context of his work and his era, as a researcher who was at once aheadof his time and very much a product of it. Long-term review and clinical implications, Dr. Reimer unknowingly acted as an experimental subject in Money published a number of papers reporting the reassignment as successful. but suffered irreparable damage to his penis as an infant. In his early twenties, Reimer reassignment at the time. Dr. John Money, a psychologist and sex researcher who coined the terms gender identity and gender role and was a pioneer in studies of sexual identity, has died. ISBN9781317635444. The physicians On Reimers case, [27] In October 1945, after Frame wrote an essay mentioning her thoughts of suicide,[28] John Money convinced Frame to enter the psychiatric ward at Dunedin Public Hospital, where she was misdiagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia. Following their consultation with Money, Reimers parents decided . favor of the increasingly mainstream idea that gender was a societal family life was strained by marital problems and employment Dr. Money described Reimers transition as successful, and claimed Money, John; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). New Zealand psychologist and sexologist (19212006), sfn error: no target: CITEREFKarkazis2008 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFWarnke2008 (, "Born a Boy, Raised as a Girl" Documentary, The Learning Channel, German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Sex reassignment at birth. Louder than that. Theatre production Boy was based on Reimers life. Money, J. No, that does not invalidate the idea of "gender identity" a . Though raised as a girl frominfancy, he began to identify as male from nine or 10 years of age. In the mid twentieth scientific demeanor Money presented to their parents. Fuckology: Critical Essays on John Moneys Diagnostic Concepts. Terry Goldie is a professor of English and social and political thought at York University. The astonishing lack of accountability or responsibility makes him easily the most unethical sexologist in history. infancy due to a failed circumcision. physician surgically removes the foreskin of the penis. 1997, Reimer began speaking publicly about his experiences, Reimer reports that as a child he experienced severe gender His parents contacted John Money, a psychologist who was developing a theory of gender neutrality. As director of the Psychohormonal Research Unit at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Money did groundbreaking research. He identified what it means to be male and what it means to be female, and what it means to be in-between.. 3, 2003, pp. That. Considered both brilliant and controversial, he wrote 500 papers and 40books. John Money introduced the new way of interpreting the term gender. Born in New Zealand in 1921, Money moved to the United States in 1947 to study at the Psychiatric Institute of the University of Pittsburgh. In 2002 he received the Magnus Hirschfeld Medal from the German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research. truth about his birth and the subsequent procedures. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. penis cannot retract, inhibiting regular urination. Moneys controversial investigation, which he called the John/Joan He Goldie, Terry (2014). Part of Springer Nature. In 2002, as his Parkinson's disease worsened, Money donated a substantial portion of his art collection to the Eastern Southland Art Gallery in Gore, New Zealand. 40, no. John Money, professor of psychology and sexology at Johns Hopkins University until 2006, was one of the most prominent of these sexologists who redefined "gender" to mean "social performance that indicates an internal sexual identity." As early as 1955, Money had coined another euphemism: "the role of gender." directed toward typically female norms, he always felt that he was a Stoller, R. J. Money advised parents on what sex they should raise hermaphrodites people born with characteristics of both sexes to be. colleagues. During his professional life, Money was respected as an expert on sexual behavior, especially known for his views that gender was learned rather than innate. Money advised them that with hormones and sex-change surgery, the boy could be raised as a girl. John William Money PhD (8 July 1921-7 July 2006). [37] At 14 years old and in extreme psychological agony, David Reimer was finally told the truth by his parents. He suffered severe depression throughout his life, which culminated The BBC series behavior resembling sexual intercourse. Together, they destroyed the lives of many American citizens, simply by publicly accusing them of being homosexual, falsely or otherwise. Others have their career blown, as did the bisexual former U.S. congressman from Maryland, Robert E. Bauman, a fanatical homophobic ultraconservative of the religious new right, who subsequently published a biography of his own downfall (Bauman 1986). Victimologistsand sexological professionals among themare vulnerable to a backlash of being themselves criminalized. People never thought about that. Musical gems this week by:Anne Lindsay, Paul Novotny, Nat King Cole, Ashley Condon and Johnny Wayne (of Wayne and Shuster fame). Science has the answer, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552186, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497009550666, https://doi.org/10.1177/070674376000500214, Sex reassignment at birth. This then makes it more likely that the males do the roaming and hunting. with Money, and as part of his research, Reimer and his twin brother John William Money (8 July 1921 - 7 July 2006) was a New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author known for his research into sexual identity and biology of gender. [5][6], Money's writing has been translated into many languages and includes around 2,000 articles, books, chapters and reviews. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism.