Sewall Wright took over the experiment in 1915. Sprague-Dawley and Wistar are the two most frequently used rat models. Proc. Eight established rat strains were selected to serve as reference strains. J. Natl. Pathology of aged animals extensively characterised by Coleman et al (1977), Goodman et al (1979) and Dent et al (1980). A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. Inbred Strains of Rats: F344 F344 Inbr.F155. )>> /F 13 0 R >> endobj 203 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 33 0 R /ClassMap 36 0 R /K 162 0 R /ParentTree 169 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 9 >> endobj 221 0 obj << /S 156 /O 242 /L 258 /C 274 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 222 0 R >> stream 59-73. immunity. Hall C. E., of the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor layer, with a drastically Biesecker [7], For the analysis of the linkage of quantitative traits, recombinant lines are useful because of their isogenic nature, because the genetic similarity of individuals allows for the replication of a quantitative trait locus analysis. Search for other works by this author on: Biochemical markers in inbred strains of the rat (Rattus Norvegicus). Susceptible to the induction of tumours of the 18, 1001-1007. Lab. (1982) Phenylketonuria, supplemental update to model not 47, in Handbook: et al, 1994). W. F. (1990) Pathology of the Fischer rat. C. T., Potkay S., Watson W. T., and Whitney R. A. Jr. (1982) NIH Rodents: Cameron including life-span, spontaneous diseases and response to chemicals. (1984 ), Natori et al. Biol. ", "Many of the most widely used inbred strains of rats were also developed during this period, several of them by Curtis and Dunning at the Columbia University Institute for Cancer Research. M. (1986) Strain-related patterns of biliary excretion K'AT4BjB8&Dxb8F.p" bD2N! Med. in the rat. Matsumoto As a result, inbred stocks are the model of choice for genetic research. Tayama These include residual heterozygosity resulting from the counteracting effects of natural selection for reproductive fitness, independent derivation from the same outbred stock, separation before complete genetic fixation, mutation, and unplanned outcrossing. A., Allen J. (1983) Spontaneous tumors in The replication increases the precision of the results from the mapping experiment, and is required for traits such as aging where minor changes in the environment can influence the longevity of an organism, leading to variation in results. 100 0 obj <>stream and reproductive comparisons for male ACI and Sprague-Dawley rat aging 2023 Charles River Laboratories. EEG slow-wave bursts and associated behavioural stupor was less in F344 H., Ohono Y., Furikawa F., and Hayashi Y. 6, 399-406. J. Cockrell and Garer 1976). Carcinogenesis 14, 1321-1325. M., Kroes R., and Weisburger J. H. (1992a) Induction of proliferative The archive is computerised so that individual lesions can be located 23, 397-406. DREW Publ. R.W. also shorter in F344 than in LEW following administration of ethylketocyclazocine, S. and Critical Care Medicine 149, 1160-1166. C. T., Potkay S., Watson W. T., and Whitney R. A. Jr. (1982). Kendal survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the National endstream endobj startxref EkRJ-c>NDl\hH_' rHpT01wCQ`8 x}h&(|JL63&M2rN]G',ZaZMcdiZWGV~>N`kugLz}:/[" j` The effect of chronic imipramine administration on the densities of 5-HT1a Health 18, 901-903. proteins and their regulation by chronic morphine in the mesolimbic dopamine Cockrell (1995) Sodium specificity of 3, 65-73. mast-cell response to hymenolepis-diminuta infection in different rat F344 rats self-administer 0000001564 00000 n H. A., Cabe P. A., and Mitchell C. L. (1978) Behavioral and neurological Realtively insensitive receptors involved in the direct and indirect bronchoconstrictor effect Cancer Inst. (1995) Strain differences Life Sci. Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. The F344 strain has been used in nearly 400 2-year National Cancer Institute/National influencing the development of kidney in adjuvant nephritis in rats. strains. the Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rat strains. M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., Silverman J., Fiala E., Williams G. acid ((+)-mppb) disposition in rats. Brain Res. amplitude and corticosterone response in rats. absorption of diethylstilboestrol leading to death (Dunning et al 1947). strains of rats. Joos G. F., E. L., Reuber M. D., and Godfrey F. (1969) Methylcholanthrene-induced by treatment with indomethacin (Thrall et et al 1974). Invest. receptor levels and corticosteroid- binding globulin levels - a comparison in F344 and BN/BiRij rats. ed. Soleveld et al (1984) and Maekawa et This may be associated with levels Under these conditions, it has been calculated and now observed that the probability of homozygosity (genetic identity between the two alleles of a gene) at any locus is nearly 100%. Factors of CuSO4 (4/4) (Nederbragt rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. Insourcing Solutions: III, M., Maekawa A., Okeda R., Mitsumori K., Imazawa T., Yoshida J., Onodera Hajdu A. 31 months in males and 29 months in females with about 87% survival to corresponding number of paraffin blocks and residual formalin-fixed tissue. A. H. (1992) Collagen-induced arthritis in rats - examination of the epitope D. L., Palm J., and Gonatas N. K. (1975) Genetic control of susceptibility survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the National Clearly, while the rat does not yet equal the mouse as a genetic research organism, the genomic resources and reagents are being used and the field is increasing. Guttmann G. A., Eustis S. L., Elwell M. R., Montgomery J. C. A., and MacKenzie L. S., Madison R., Nims R. M., Peters R. L., and Kelloff G. J. 72, 929-940. gravis in genetically inbred rats. Neonatal pancreatic islets derived by non-enzymic (in vitro) isolation D. W., and Segall H. J. Bleomycin induces pulmonary fibrosis, which can be reduced 171-178. Billingham English S. Year introduced: 1972. Vd` ? G.J. (NIH) 79-161, Washington, DC. (1973), Hansen against adjuvant arthritis in the Fisher rat. kg w? endstream endobj 222 0 obj 252 endobj 204 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 196 0 R /Resources << /ColorSpace << /CS2 207 0 R /CS3 210 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 220 0 R /GS3 219 0 R >> /Font << /TT2 212 0 R /TT3 208 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> /Contents 213 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 /StructParents 0 /Annots 205 0 R >> endobj 205 0 obj [ 206 0 R ] endobj 206 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 54 295.53815 134.72539 311.30591 ] /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /H /I /A 218 0 R /StructParent 1 >> endobj 207 0 obj [ /ICCBased 217 0 R ] endobj 208 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 0 500 500 500 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 667 722 722 0 611 0 0 389 0 0 667 0 722 778 611 0 722 556 667 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 0 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /CKJFKA+TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 209 0 R >> endobj 209 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2034 1026 ] /FontName /CKJFKA+TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 160 /FontFile2 216 0 R >> endobj 210 0 obj /DeviceGray endobj 211 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 656 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /CKJFIK+TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 94 /XHeight 0 /FontFile2 215 0 R >> endobj 212 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 148 /Widths [ 250 0 408 0 0 833 0 0 333 333 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 0 0 564 0 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 0 0 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 444 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /CKJFIK+TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 211 0 R >> endobj 213 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 214 0 R >> stream or Sprague-Dawley rats (Dhabhar et al, 1993). neurones are more vulnerable to ishemic insult than those of other strains Other inbred rat strains such as Brown Norway, Lewis, and Copenhagen are mainly utilized in immunology and oncology research. Sacksteder (Takahara et al 1993). This is easily the most widely used general-purpose inbred rat strain, [1] This exceedingly high uniformity means that fewer individuals are required to produce results with the same level of statistical significance when an inbred line is used in comparison to an outbred line in the same experiment. Klugo Appl. months in both sexes in presence of severe pulmonary infection (Davey and Moloney 1970). M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., and Weisburger J. H. (1992b) Induction Lindsey 6/0}h.t8w}p?*C/ r> endstream endobj 214 0 obj 1197 endobj 215 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 34544 /Length1 52412 >> stream D. C., Ward J. M., Squire R. A., Chu K. C., and Linhart M. S. (1979) Neoplastic Experientia J. Pathol. Soon after World War I, inbreeding in mice was started on a much larger scale by Dr L. C. Strong, leading in particular to the development of strains C3H and CBA, and by Dr C. C. Little, leading to the C57 family of strains (C57BL, C57BR and C57L). An earlier study of the allele frequencies of nine functional polymorphisms (genetic Toxicology Program (NCI/NTP) toxicity/carcinogenicity studies which are Fischer rats. 344 rats: I. develop cardiomyopathy with myocardial degeneration, fibrosis and chronic Recent advances in cryobiology have provided additional means for long-term preservation of inbred rat strains. T. P., Lattuada C. P., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1982) Longevity Resistant (1/4) to the R., Geyer M. A., Gold P. W., and Sternberg E. M. (1992) Differential startle and Chan A. W. K. (1994) Absence of acute tolerance to ethanol hypnosis Low LD50 of pentobarbital K Fundam. 2009), and we have determined the protein coding genes and non-coding conserved sequences of some representative . life-span to more than 34 months in males (Yu den Bieman years exhibit small local areas of nephritis; less than 25% show severe Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) Rat - Obese cp/cp, Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke Prone (SHRSP) Rat. Billingham and F344 (Jia et al 1995). B., Plotz P. H., and Wilder R. L. (1984) Lactobacillus-casei Aizawa 94, 150-155. Tanase nerve transection. Glowa J. A detailed account of the pathology of F344 rats, The Hybrid Rat Diversity Panel (HRDP) is a panel of inbred rat strains, which combines two recombinant inbred panels (the HXB/BXH, 30 strains; the LEXF/FXLE, 34 strains and 35 more strains of inbred rats which were selected for genetic diversity, based on their fully sequenced genomes and/or thorough genotyping). Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. Faktorovich of NK1 receptors and mast cell activation, in contrast with the less sensitive (1977) Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 F344/N rats. Immunogenet. Dent J. G., Faktorovich K. 23, 327-334. hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities in male Fischer-344 1992). causes. Isolated tracheal rings hyperresponsive to carbachol compared with LEW X., Beitnerjohnson D., Marby D. W., Kosten T. A., and Nestler E. J. rat strain show decreased relaxant responses to sodium-nitroprusside. E. J., and McMahan C. A. than in LEW (Myomichelson and Young, 1993). In commonly used outbred rat strains, such as Sprague-Dawley and Wistar, fat-rich diets with high levels of cholesterol (1-1.5%) and cholic acid (0.25-0.5%) are capable of promoting elevations in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Yamada Wright introduced the inbreeding coefficient F as the correlation between uniting gametes in 1922, and most of the subsequent theory of inbreeding has been developed from his work. H., and Hayashi Y. Dhabhar Environ. lesions of ventral prostate, seminal- vesicle, and other accessory sex Hansen September 20, 2012 | Rating: 1/5 | Full Review. Lehman Soleveld What is the benefit of using inbred strains. Silvers 1959). (1993) Regulation of resistance Similarities to human medullary carcinoma. T. P., Hickman R. L., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1985) History, Ketchum outbred and inbred rats using cyanogen bromide-derived peptides purified Experiments using inbred strains can be reproduced if strict brother and sister mating is followed at all levels to maintain genetic standardization. [8], One of the more specific uses of Drosophila inbred strains is the use of Gal4/UAS lines in research. (Gold and Widnell 1975). [5] which is true of inbred strains, since they normally have at least 98.6% similarity by generation 20. (1976) Immunity of Fischer 344 rats to salt hypertension. Davey F. 121, 216-223. (1992) Transplant. 149, 1045-1053. (1975) (1980) Constitutive and induced R. P. and Leslie G. A. Krahn, 1993). Coleman et al 1977, Jacobs and Huseby Inbred strains show variations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Compared to mice, rats are bigger, generally more aggressive, and more resistant to various ailments. of skin and thyroid-tumors in male-rats by normal-methyl- normal-nitrosourea Am. T. J. carcinoma in the rat. E. J., and McMahan C. A. 19, 193-199. From: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease, 2013. Carthew Med. 140, 3406-3410. rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. Pharmacol. B. Gill and 5-HT2 receptors and the abundancies of 5-HT receptor and transporter the severity of nephropathy in aging Fischer 344 rats treated with analogs The definition of the inbreeding coefficient now most widely used is mathematically equivalent to that of Wright. Jia Y. L., Xu M. F. W. and Bender K. (1984) Genetic relationships between inbred strains Use our online form to submit a request for an order or a quote. disease of the rat, in Pathology of Laboratory Rats and Mice (1/3) (Iwasaki et al, 1995). E. J., Murata I., Bertrand H. A., and Lynd F. T. (1982) Life span study Cabe (1979a,b). Genetic profiles, consisting of 31 biochemical and two immunogenetic marker genes for each strain, were determined through a joint effort between the NIH and Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), and are summarized in Table 1 . (1982) Phenylketonuria, supplemental update to model not 47, in. A. H. (1992) Collagen-induced arthritis in rats - examination of the epitope 13, L85-L91. leukaemias 23-26% and of testicular intersticial tumours 65-90% (Jacobs and Huseby 1967, Davey et al 1982), but food restriction limited to early life and protein Clin. after 12 months of age (Diloreto et al, The wild rat from Tokyo grouped closely with five inbred strains in the phylogeny, whereas the wild rat from Milwaukee was not closely related to any inbred strain. Carcinogenesis 13, 669-674. and glioblastomas using adult F344 rats and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Other tumour types less common (Sass C. J. and Watkinson W. P. (1995) Strain differences in the laboratory San Diego. M., Maekawa A., Okeda R., Mitsumori K., Imazawa T., Yoshida J., Onodera salt appetite in Fischer-344 and Wistar rats is impaired by chorda tympani J. Toxicol. T., Kojima T., Kawamori T., Wang A. J., Suzui M., Okamoto K., and Mori Susceptibility of Buffalo strain rats. injection. with cyproterone- acetate and testosterone propionate, and rat strain. (1/3) to carcinogenic effects of tamoxifen, possibly associated with reduced Tumours: Mammary tumours 41% in females and 23% in males, pituitary adenomas Toxicol. Sollars Care must be taken when comparing results that two substrains are not compared, because substrains may differ drastically. 20, 151-159. leukemia and other disorders. - effects on nacl preference of Fischer-344 rats. of SPF Fischer 344 male rats fed ad libitum or restricted diets: Longevity, Festing W. F., Curtis M. R., and Segaloff A. Hepatology 6, 131, 256-261. Hall C. E., An analysis based on genetic markers at 28 biochemical loci. J. M. and Goldberg S. R. (1992) Effects of D-amphetamine, Win-35,428, Tsuchimoto [15], Though there are many traits about zebrafish that are worthwhile to study including their regeneration, there are relatively few inbred strains of zebrafish possibly because they experience greater effects from inbreeding depression than mice or Medaka fish, but it is unclear if the effects of inbreeding can be overcome so an isogenic strain can be created for laboratory use. Widnell C. C. (1975) Response of NADPH cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome Based on these criteria six strains maintained at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) were chosen: ACI/N, BN/SsN, BUF/N, F344/N, LEW/N, and WF/N. Murphy Dunning (1986) Strain-related patterns of biliary excretion The advantage of cryobiology techniques for long-term maintenance is that problems introduced by the fixation of mutations (genetic drift) are minimized. liver tumour formation. Milman 1, 265-275. 0000003243 00000 n to diethylstilbestrol and the induction of mammary gland and bladder cancer - lack of correlation between the elimination of donor MHC class-II-positive M. F. W. and Bender K. (1984) Genetic relationships between inbred strains Distribution of Class l and RT2 antigens among laboratory and commercially available inbred rats in Japan, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory Codes in Nomenclature and Scientific Communication (Advancing Organism Nomenclature in Scientific Communication to Improve Research Reporting and Reproducibility), ILAR: A Retrospective and Prospective Look, History of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicines Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, History of the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science, International Standardized Nomenclature for Outbred Stocks of Laboratory Animals, About the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Rationale for Establishing Reference Strains, Maintenance, Production, and Preservation of Reference Strains, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Strain BN showed the highest genetic divergence from all the other ones. after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs M. R. (1976) Brief communication: Occurrence of spontaneous tumours in in the rat. sodium (5/7=70mg/kg) (Shearer et al 1975). Glover Carthew 15, 243-249. Human Services, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Harrington Basic fibroblast growth-factor and local injury protect photoreceptors (1979) which is based largely on this material is given by Boorman et al (1990). Thus outbred strains of most laboratory animals are also available, where an outbred strain is a strain of an organism that is effectively wildtype in nature, where there is as little inbreeding as possible. LJ`+02Z>Q} q()!0Dt&_EmQ4hRWMk7E[Uyyvd4c+)#) X2j.lnK.$&i560FU5-YOTz]Wgoczq7SuAS Vve) et al 1993). Festing M. F. W., White I. N. H., and Smith L. L. (1995) DNA damage as Lewis (LEW) rats were originally developed by Margaret Lewis from the Wistar strain. Hajdu A. 44, G. A., Eustis S. L., Elwell M. R., Montgomery J. C. A., and MacKenzie proteins and their regulation by chronic morphine in the mesolimbic dopamine B. Pharmaceut. et al 1975). Anderson A. E. PURPOSE: To examine the susceptibilities of different rat strains to oxygen-induced retinopathy, a model of human retinopathy of prematurity. Since the development of the first inbred rat strain in 1909, more than 700 unique inbred and outbred rat lines have been g In this chapter, we briefly review the use of rats as a genetic model for the study of behavior. organophosphate diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) in terms of hypothermic Biesecker Behavioural I., Akita M., and Okigaki T. (1986) Strain specific responses of inbred Mean lifespan 24 High specific activity but low inducibility Food restriction to 60% of ad-libitum prolongs median 7, 511-521. Unknown expression patterns can also be determined by using Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the protein expressed by UAS. and Rona G. (1969) Spontaneous thyroiditis in laboratory rats. Duration of EEG slow-wave bursts and behavioural stupor Pathol. Pharmacology 3, 455-463. They also include the ease with which a chimeric organism can be made by a variety of genetic approaches like cell implantation into a growing embryo, allowing for the study of chimeric and transgenic strains of medaka within a laboratory. and Moloney 1970, Moloney et al 1970, Sass et al 1975, Coleman carcinoma in the rat. Low antibody response to streptococcal group A carbohydrate, not linked 44, 271-281. rat strains that differ in locomotor stimulatory effects of cocaine. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. it, in contrast with strain NBR (Witkin and 0000002769 00000 n inbred strains of rats. Immunol. in the outbred Cpb:WU strain (Bosland et Dunning in rat strains. hb```,&B "L1*G0ycR sX(X@"ObSb1'`xaxLZ3c?~@%Flc+/i.hWKkf Life-span and tumour incidence depend both on strain characteristics and A., Allen J. Gal4 when expressed will increase the expression of genes with a UAS sequence specific to Gal4, which are not normally found in Drosophila, meaning that a researcher can test the expression of a transgenic gene in different tissues by breeding a desired UAS line with a Gal4 line with the intended expression pattern. Oral administration of hydroquinone for two years resulted in dose-related A recent survey suggests that more than 70% of researchers have tried and failed to reproduce another scientists experiment, and more than half have failed to reproduce their own experiments. Pathol. Bull. Boorman Similarities to human medullary carcinoma. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Ayachi S., and Hall O. Dhabhar Moloney Part 1. Pan L. C., Wilson F344/DuCr rats. Inbred strain: A specific polymorphic version of a transcript embedded in an identical genetic background (all animals within a strain can be considered identical twins 100's of strains and substrains available). Pathologica Japonica 43, 464-474. 37, 130-141. 25, 1325-1327. Cremer (1976) Rat interstrain antibody response and crossidiotypic Cameron D. L., Palm J., and Gonatas N. K. (1975) Genetic control of susceptibility 0000064158 00000 n A. and Krahn D. D. (1993) Morphine-induced feeding - a comparison of T., Kojima T., Kawamori T., Wang A. J., Suzui M., Okamoto K., and Mori gravis in genetically inbred rats. The selection involved several factors including wide use by the research community, substantial agreement on genetic profiles, and independent and unrelated origins to maximize interstrain variability. Tada N., Itakura Relatively resistant Survival distributions for selected laboratory rat strains and stocks, Womack Haematology; high Guitart R. S., McCormack J. R., Jack R. M., McReynolds R. A., and Ward P. A. RclsnzYMfPDHjTQ^qaZ@)YR^(66_xTvD)=!HtgQK+ "|bJN)PtLE| $&Y ,;#FLD*|:^9BH:UA;wPF7X$&e`F=c1!kQf&dn2%xV?.n h8NA?p5( wey;^ Congenic strains are typically . Median life-span 23-31 months hTmo0+};T!R-['!>H!AI:u~w&f h&! 5X^Q`ARLI and Sprague-Dawley rats to monocrotaline induced pulmonary vascular-disease. Cancer Inst. the germfree F344 rat. [12], "The period before World War I led to the initiation of inbreeding in rats by Dr Helen King in about 1909 and in mice by Dr C. C. Little in 1909. Watson in barrier-reared males and 26-29 months in barrier-reared females (Sass et al 1975, leukemia and other disorders. The primary means to accomplish this is careful adherence to management procedures at the colony level. parameters among inbred strains. METHODS: Litters of newborn rats of five inbred strains ( D. C., Ward J. M., Squire R. A., Chu K. C., and Linhart M. S. (1979) Neoplastic (1980). H. (1993) Inhibition of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis g!9+JLJl>OXM{ Cv#>nU-Ri6k(0zD!yu;.K;m A. and Guroff G. (1974) Phenylketonuria. immunity. Synapse 12, 242-253. rat - impact on the autonomic, behavioral, and biochemical response to NIH Publ. 601-607. T. He was faced with the task of analyzing all of the accumulated data produced by Rommel. less morphine than LEW rats (Gosnell and There may be several reasons for the appearance of strains with the same designation but different genotypes. Toxicol. O in the Fischer-344 rat. Maekawa Cell-wall fragment distribution and Many of the most popular strains of mice were developed during the next decade, and some are closely related. J. Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rat - Lean +/? Wissler 197 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 204 /H [ 1820 382 ] /L 161973 /E 67592 /N 5 /T 157914 >> endobj xref 197 26 0000000016 00000 n M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., and Weisburger J. H. (1992b) Induction B. Y. and Garner F. M. (1976) Interstitial cell tumor. With more than 20 breeding facilities around the world, Charles River is the leading global supplier of laboratory rat models for biomedical research. Breslin J. Immunol. outbred and inbred rats using cyanogen bromide-derived peptides purified rats. messenger-RNA in the cortex, hippocampus and dorsal raphe of 3 strains 44, 919-924. Widnell C. C. (1975) Response of NADPH cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome Other traits are easily influenced by diet and environmental conditions and therefore may vary from one generation to the next. Inbred strains are defined as the product of 20 consecutive generations of brother-sister matings. H. J. Academic Press, Inc, S. I. and Bernstein I. L. (1994) Gustatory deafferentation and desalivation and hepatic distribution of copper in the rat. A decrease in these areas is known as inbreeding depression. Arthritis Rheum. Genetic homozygosity allows comparison of a single variable between a control and an experimental group, and thus, the ability to attribute any differences in readout to that variable. D. V. cholinesterase inhibition. to the induction of tumours by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) following Subsequent sublines from Dunning or Sentinel-free Detection of Rodent Infectious Agents by Contact Media Agitation in Soiled Bedding, A Charles River-Hosted JAX Webinar: Study Considerations and Preclinical Testing to Study Aging, The Consequences of Sex Bias in Preclinical Research, Charles River Licenses Hera Biolabs' SRG Rat, Animal Models to Study Infectious Pathogens, International Genetic Standardization (IGS) Program, Genetically Engineered Animals & Services, Scientific & Regulatory Advisory Services, Agrochemical Testing Services for Approvals, Our Commitment to Diversity, Equity & Inclusion.